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Updated: 14 hours 41 min ago
How to add bash auto completion in Debian Linux
Bash is a command language interpreter compatible with sh. It can execute commands read from a file or keyboard. On Debian Linux, bash-completion is a set of shell functions that uses Bash's programmable completion feature. This page provides instructions on installing and enabling Bash auto-completion on Debian Linux versions 10, 11, and 12 to increase productivity by writing custom bash code.
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The post How to add bash auto completion in Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-05-06T15:51:25Z
2024-05-06T15:51:25Z
Vivek Gite
How to add cron job entry for acme.sh
Recently, I had a learning experience with cron jobs and acme.sh. acme.sh is an excellent tool that simplifies the management of Let's Encrypt TLS (SSL) certificates. It makes obtaining and renewing these essential security certificates for your web server easier.
Recently, I moved my server from Linode to AWS, which was a new environment for me. Initially, everything appeared to be working correctly, and I assumed everything was running smoothly. However, I forgot to migrate the cron job that acme.sh uses to renew the certificate automatically.
This oversight caused my Let's Encrypt certificates to expire, resulting in security warnings and potential disruptions for visitors to my website. Opps!
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The post How to add cron job entry for acme.sh appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-05-03T06:43:12Z
2024-05-03T06:43:12Z
Vivek Gite
How to Upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04 LTS: A Complete Guide
{nixCraft Patreon supporters content}Below is a sneak peek of this content! Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) was launched on April 25th, 2024. This new version will be supported for five years until June 2029. The armhf architecture now provides support for the Year 2038 problem. The upgrades include significant updates to core packages like Linux kernel, systemd, Netplan, […]The post How to Upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04 LTS: A Complete Guide appeared first on Opensource Flare✨.
2024-04-26T18:25:08Z
2024-04-26T18:25:08Z
Vivek Gite
How to Upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04 LTS: A Complete Guide
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) was launched on April 25th, 2024. This new version will be supported for five years until June 2029. The armhf architecture now provides support for the Year 2038 problem. The upgrades include significant updates to core packages like Linux kernel, systemd, Netplan, toolchain upgrades for better development support, enhanced security measures, and performance optimizations. It also has an updated GNOME desktop environment and other default applications. Let us see how to upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 LTS to Ubuntu 24.04 LTS using the CLI over ssh-based session.
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The post How to Upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04 LTS: A Complete Guide appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-04-26T08:33:21Z
2024-04-26T08:33:21Z
Vivek Gite
How to configure AWS SES with Postfix MTA on Debian Linux
AWS SES (Amazon Simple Email Service) is a cloud-based email-sending service that is both reliable and cost-effective. This service is offered by Amazon Web Services. Postfix is a popular email server for Debian and Unix-like systems. It is an open-source Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) responsible for routing and delivering emails. Debian Linux is a widely used Linux distribution known for its stability and user-friendliness for server usage. Let us see how to integrate AWS SES with the Postfix MTA on Debian Linux version 11/12.
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The post How to configure AWS SES with Postfix MTA on Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-04-19T07:04:06Z
2024-04-19T07:04:06Z
Vivek Gite
The repository ‘http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports Release’ no longer has a Release file.
When you run the sudo apt update, you may see the following message or error on a Debian Linux:
Err:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports Release
404 Not Found [IP: 146.75.34.132 80]
Reading package lists... Done
E: The repository 'http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports Release' no longer has a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
Here is how to fix this issue.
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The post The repository ‘http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports Release’ no longer has a Release file. appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-04-14T20:42:01Z
2024-04-14T20:42:01Z
Vivek Gite
How do I find out my timezone in Linux?
You can find the timezone in Linux using the command line. The easiest way to do this is to type the "timedatectl" command and look for the "timezone" line when using modern Linux distros with systemd. There are other commands and ways to temporarily switch to a new timezone for date calculations.
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The post How do I find out my timezone in Linux? appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-04-06T01:06:44Z
2024-04-06T01:06:44Z
Vivek Gite
How to use debsecan command in Linux with examples
The debsecan command is an essential tool for developers and sysadmins using Debian or Ubuntu Linux. It analyzes the list of installed packages on the current host and reports any vulnerabilities found on the system.
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The post How to use debsecan command in Linux with examples appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-03-20T05:52:13Z
2024-03-20T05:52:13Z
Vivek Gite
How to verify Debian CD or DVD image using GPG
When you download Debian Linux CD or DVD images, you must verify the authenticity of Debian Linux CD or DVD images using the gpg and sha512sum command. There are three files you will find here for Debian 12 AMD64 Architecture (download those files using the wget command or use the curl command to download file):
$ wget https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso \
https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/SHA512SUMS \
https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/SHA512SUMS.sign
Now you have three files as follows:
debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso : DVD file for USB or DVD.
SHA512SUMS : Checksum file for debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso to ensure that debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso file is not corrupted or contains bad stuff like backdoor.
SHA512SUMS.sign : GPG signature file for SHA512SUMS file, which ensures that the checksums file themselves are correct.
You must put all these three files into the same directory for easy understanding and verification in a zippy. Use the ls command to list them:
{vivek@desktop:~}$ ls -l
Outputs:
-rw-rw-r-- 1 vivek vivek 3992977408 Feb 10 19:17 debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
-rw-rw-r-- 1 vivek vivek 3372 Feb 10 22:11 SHA512SUMS
-rw-rw-r-- 1 vivek vivek 833 Feb 11 01:43 SHA512SUMS.sign
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The post How to verify Debian CD or DVD image using GPG appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-03-07T11:57:43Z
2024-03-07T11:57:43Z
Vivek Gite
How to install BTRFS on a Debian Linux 12/11
Btrfs, which stands for "Butter FS" or "B-tree FS," is a modern Linux file system. It was developed to overcome the limitations of older file systems like ext4 or ext3. Btrfs is an excellent choice for efficient storage management on multiple Hard Disk Drivers. It supports Linux file systems with snapshots, subvolumes, and built-in RAID-like capabilities that provide robust data protection. It is designed to handle huge file systems and file sizes. Btrfs incorporates checksumming and COW (Copy-on-write), making it more resilient to data corruption. The COW feature means changes are written to new locations instead of overwriting existing data, enhancing data protection and enabling snapshots. After installation, let us see how to install Btrfs support for Debian Linux 11 or 12 using the CLI.
Why am I using BTRFS on an existing Debian Linux system?
In my case, the EC2 VM AMI is configured to use ext4 by default at AWS. However, I had to make changes since I needed to store files using EBS (Elastic Block Store) and Python code expected to see BTRFS. Hence, this quick tutorial.
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The post How to install BTRFS on a Debian Linux 12/11 appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-02-14T06:10:00Z
2024-02-14T06:10:00Z
Vivek Gite
How to install GPG (gnupg2) on a Debian Linux to fix gpg command not found error
GnuPG2 (or GPG2) is an open-source and free tool that implements the OpenPGP standard. Its primary purpose is to encrypt your sensitive information to protect it from unauthorized access. It also allows you to create digital signatures, guaranteeing that the data hasn't been tampered with while in transit. Many newly created Debian 11/12 cloud VMs and images may not have the gpg/gpg2 command installed. Thus, you will get an error that reads "-bash: gpg: command not found." Here is how to fix this error and install gnupg2 on a Debian Linux 11 or 12. Further, you will learn how to use the gpg command.
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The post How to install GPG (gnupg2) on a Debian Linux to fix gpg command not found error appeared first on nixCraft.
2024-02-13T09:38:54Z
2024-02-13T09:38:54Z
Vivek Gite
How to enable contrib repo on Debian Linux 10/11/12
Sometimes, when you try to install specific Debian Linux packages, you might encounter an error message that reads:
Unable to locate package pkg-name-here
In many cases, the required package might already be present in the remote download repos. It would be best to have an additional repository, such as contrib, which adds extra packages to the core Debian Linux system. To enable and use the contrib repository in Debian Linux version 10/11/12 or newer versions, follow the instructions below.
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The post How to enable contrib repo on Debian Linux 10/11/12 appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-12-24T09:18:39Z
2023-12-24T09:18:39Z
Vivek Gite
SSH WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE! Error and Solution
{Updated} Are you getting, ' WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE!' when try to use the ssh command under Linux, macOS or BSD? Let us see how I fixed this problem and log in using the ssh command.The post SSH WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE! Error and Solution appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-11-17T10:31:00Z
2023-11-17T10:31:00Z
Vivek Gite
How to open DHCP port using UFW in Linux
The Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) needs to be configured to allow traffic on UDP ports 67 and 68, regardless of whether the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is local or remote. Additionally, it may be necessary to open both TCP and UDP port 53, which are used for Domain Name Service (DNS). In small business and home environments, typically, both DNS and DHCP services come from a single device. Hence, it would be best if you opened both DHCP and DNS ports using the ufw command.
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The post How to open DHCP port using UFW in Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-10-25T10:52:11Z
2023-10-25T10:52:11Z
Vivek Gite
How to merge all PDF files into one PDF in Linux
I recently had to submit multiple PDF files for government work, but the web form only allowed for the uploading of a single file. This meant that I had to merge the PDF files into one on Linux. To do this, I used a command-line tool called pdfunite, which is a Portable Document Format (PDF) page merger. Let us see how to install and use the pdfunite in Linux.
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The post How to merge all PDF files into one PDF in Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-10-24T20:31:44Z
2023-10-24T20:31:44Z
Vivek Gite
How to list package files with dnf in Linux (RHEL, CentOS, Rocky, Fedora, and Alma Linux)
If you’re using RHEL, CentOS, Rocky, Fedora, or Alma Linux, you may encounter situations where you must list files in a package before installing it. Similarly, there might be instances where you need to locate a specific configuration file after installing the package. In this guide, I’ll provide a quick tip for developers and sysadmins […]
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The post How to list package files with dnf in Linux (RHEL, CentOS, Rocky, Fedora, and Alma Linux) appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-10-23T11:03:32Z
2023-10-23T11:03:32Z
Vivek Gite
How to install Perl in Fedora Linux
I am migrating an old Perl project from an unsupported OS to Fedora Linux 38. However, I discovered that Perl is not installed by default, while Python 3 is. This seems ridiculous. Anyway, here is how to install Perl in Fedora Linux including latest version of mod_perl with Apache (HTTPD) and get on with your life.
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The post How to install Perl in Fedora Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-10-22T16:25:26Z
2023-10-22T16:25:26Z
Vivek Gite
How to fix “Error: Can’t open display: (null)” with ssh and xclip command in headless mode
When you try to use the xclip command over the ssh-based session to copy and paste data, you will get the following message on screen:
Error: Can't open display: (null)
Here is how to fix this error by editing the ssh client and OpenSSH (SSHD server) configuration file.
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The post How to fix “Error: Can’t open display: (null)” with ssh and xclip command in headless mode appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-10-08T20:01:52Z
2023-10-08T20:01:52Z
Vivek Gite
How to block AI Crawler Bots using robots.txt file
Are you a content creator or a blog author who generates unique, high-quality content for a living? Have you noticed that generative AI platforms like OpenAI or CCBot use your content to train their algorithms without your consent? Don't worry! You can block these AI crawlers from accessing your website or blog by using the robots.txt file.
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The post How to block AI Crawler Bots using robots.txt file appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-09-29T20:40:17Z
2023-09-29T20:40:17Z
Vivek Gite
Find files that do not have any owners or do not belong to any user under Linux/UNIX
{Updated} Here is a Linux, Unix, *BSD and macOS command to search the entire system for files with no group or user.The post Find files that do not have any owners or do not belong to any user under Linux/UNIX appeared first on nixCraft.
2023-09-28T22:07:00Z
2023-09-28T22:07:00Z
Vivek Gite